![]() ![]() ![]() Lung macrophages provide a first line of host defense against inhaled pathogens and their function is impaired in the lungs of inhaled substance abusers. Roth, Michael D Whittaker, Katherine Salehi, Ken Tashkin, Donald P Baldwin, Gayle C Mechanisms for impaired effector function in alveolar macrophages from marijuana and cocaine smokers. ![]() In addition, the interaction of macrophages with various pathogens as well as the effect of genetic and environmental factors on macrophage functional modulation is described. In this manuscript the basic profiles of several macrophage effector functions are described. However, the development of elicitation protocols to harvest inflammatory abdominal macrophages and the availability of transformed chicken macrophage cell lines, has enabled researchers to address several questions related to chicken macrophage biology and function in health and disease. This has been largely due to the lack of harvestable resident macrophages from the chicken peritoneal cavity. Research in avian macrophages has lagged behind that in mammals. The outcome of the macrophage-pathogen interaction depends upon several factors including the stage of macrophage activation, the nature of the infectious agent, the level of genetic control on macrophage function as well as environmental and nutritional factors that may modulate macrophage activation and functions. Being the first line of immunological defense, macrophages therefore represent an important step during interaction with infectious agents. While responding to their tissue microenvironment or exogenous antigenic challenge, macrophages may secrete several immunoregulatory cytokines or metabolites. Macrophages then initiate the 'acquired' immune response in their capacity as antigen processing and presenting cells. Upon migration to various tissues, monocytes mature and differentiate into tissue macrophages. These cells arise in the bone marrow and subsequently enter the blood circulation as blood monocytes. Being mobile scavenger cells, macrophages participate in innate immunity by serving as phagocytic cells. Monocytes- macrophages, cells belonging to the mononuclear phagocytic system, are considered as the first line of immunological defense. Avian macrophage: effector functions in health and disease. ![]()
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